Erwin, Douglas

Senior Research Biologist and Curator of Paleozoic Invertebrates

Macroevolution and evolutionary innovations, particularly the Cambrian metazoan radiation and post-extinction biotic recoveries; the Permian mass extinction; evolutionary history and systematics of Cambrian-Triassic gastropods.

education and training

A.B., Colgate University
Ph.D., University of California, Santa Barbara

selected publications

article
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2021. "Developmental capacity and the early evolution of animals." Journal of the Geological Society https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-245 2021
- Evans, Scott D., Droser, Mary L., and Erwin, Douglas H. 2021. "Developmental processes in Ediacara macrofossils." Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 288 (1945):https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.3055 2021
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2021. "Tempos and modes of collectivity in the history of life." Theory in Biosciences, 343–351. 140, New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-019-00303-4. 2021
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2020. "A conceptual framework of evolutionary novelty and innovation." Biological Reviews https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12643 2020
- Fan, Jun-xuan, Shen, Shu-zhong, Erwin, Douglas H., Sadler, Peter M., Macleod, Norman, Cheng, Qiu-ming, Hou, Xu-dong, Yang, Jiao, Wang, Xiang-Dong, Wang, Yue, Zhang, Hua, Chen, Xu, Li, Guo-xiang, Zhang, Yi-Chun, Shi, Yu-kun, Yuan, Dong-xun, Chen, Qing, Zhang, Lin-na, Li, Chao, and Zhao, Ying-ying. 2020. "A high-resolution summary of Cambrian to Early Triassic marine invertebrate biodiversity." Science 367 (6475):272-277. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax4953 2020
- Wu, Qiong, Ramezani, Jahandar, Zhang, Hua, Yuan, Dong-xun, Erwin, Douglas H., Henderson, Charles M., Lambert, Lance L., Zhang, Yi-Chun, and Shen, Shu-zhong. 2020. "High-precision U-Pb zircon age constraints on the Guadalupian in West Texas, USA." Palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 548:Article 109668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109668 2020
- Cole, Devon B., Mills, Daniel B., Erwin, Douglas H., Sperling, Erik A., Porter, Susannah M., Reinhard, Christopher T., and Planavsky, Noah J. 2020. "On the co‐evolution of surface oxygen levels and animals." Geobiology 18 (3):260-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12382 2020
- Shen, Shu-zhong, Yuan, Dong-xun, Henderson, Charles M., Wu, Qiong, Zhang, Yi-Chun, Zhang, Hua, Mu, Lin, Ramezani, Jahandar, Wang, Xiang-Dong, Lambert, Lance L., Erwin, Douglas H., Hearst, Jonena M., Xiang, Lei, Chen, Bo, Fan, Jun-xuan, Wang, Yue, Wang, Wen-qian, Qi, Yu-ping, Chen, Jun, Qie, Wen-kun, and Wang, Tian-tian. 2020. "Progress, problems and prospects: An overview of the Guadalupian Series of South China and North America." Earth-Science Reviews 211:103412-103412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103412 2020
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2020. "The origin of animal body plans: a view from fossil evidence and the regulatory genome." Development 147 (4):Article-dev182899. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.182899 2020
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2019. "Crisis and Response: Current Trends and Future Prospects." Bollettino Della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 58 (1):5-10. 2019
- Drinnenberg, Ines A., Berger, Frederic, Elsasser, Simon J., Andersen, Peter R., Ausio, Juan, Bickmore, Wendy A., Blackwell, Alexander R., Erwin, Douglas H., Gahan, James M., Gaut, Brandon S., Harvey, Zachary H., Henikoff, Steven, Kao, Joyce Y., Kurdistani, Siavash K., Lemos, Bernardo, Levine, Mia T., Luger, Karolin, Malik, Harmit S., Martin-Duran, Jose M., Peichel, Catherine L., Renfree, Marilyn B., Rutowicz, Kinga, Sarkies, Peter, Schmitz, Robert J., Technau, Ulrich et al. 2019. "EvoChromo: towards a synthesis of chromatin biology and evolution." Development 146 (19):UNSP dev178962-UNSP dev178962. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.178962 2019
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2019. "Prospects for a General Theory of Evolutionary Novelty." Journal of Computational Biology 26 (7):https://doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2019.0089 2019
- Shen, Shu-zhong, Ramezani, Jahandar, Chen, Jun, Cao , Chang-Qun, Erwin, Douglas H., Zhang, Hua, Xiang, Lei, Schoepfer, Shane D., Henderson, Charles M., Zheng, Quan-feng, Bowring, Samuel A., Wang, Yue, Li, Xian-Hua, Wang, Xiang-Dong, Yuan, Dong-xun, Zhang, Yi-Chun, Mu, Lin, Wang, Jun, and Wu, Ya-Sheng. 2018. "A sudden end-Permian mass extinction in South China." Geological Society of America Bulletin 131 (1-2):205-223. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31909.1 2018
- Summons, Roger E. and Erwin, Douglas H. 2018. "Chemical clues to the earliest animal fossils Steroid biomarkers show that the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia was an animal." Science 361 (6408):1198-1199. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau9710 2018
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2018. "Conservation Paleobiology. Science and Practice edited by Gregory P. Dietl and Karl W. Flessa, University of Chicago Press, 2017. Price: $40, 9780226506722." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 33 (8):572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.009 2018
- Darroch, Simon A. F., Smith, Emily F., Laflamme, Marc, and Erwin, Douglas H. 2018. "Ediacaran Extinction and Cambrian Explosion." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 33 (9):653-663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.06.003 2018
- Wood, Rachel and Erwin, Douglas H. 2018. "Innovation not recovery: dynamic redox promotes metazoan radiations." Biological Reviews 93 (2):863-873. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12375 2018
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2017. "Developmental push or environmental pull? The causes of macroevolutionary dynamics." History and philosophy of the life sciences 39 (4):36-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-017-0163-0 2017
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2017. "Eric Davidson and deep time." History and philosophy of the life sciences 39 (4):29-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-017-0156-z 2017
- Hoffman, Paul F., Abbot, Dorian S., Ashkenazy, Yosef, Benn, Douglas I., Brocks, Jochen J., Cohen, Phoebe A., Cox, Grant M., Creveling, Jessica R., Donnadieu, Yannick, Erwin, Douglas H., Fairchild, Ian J., Ferreira, David, Goodman, Jason C., Halverson, Galen P., Jansen, Malte F., Le Hir, Guillaume, Love, Gordon D., Macdonald, Francis A., Maloof, Adam C., Partin, Camille A., Ramstein, Gilles, Rose, Brian E. J., Rose, Catherine V., Sadler, Peter M., Tziperman, Eli et al. 2017. "Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology." Science Advances 3 (11):https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600983 2017
- Chipman, Ariel D. and Erwin, Douglas H. 2017. "The Evolution of Arthropod Body Plans: Integrating Phylogeny, Fossils, and Development-An Introduction to the Symposium." Integrative and Comparative Biology 57 (3):450-454. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icx094 2017
- McInerney, James O. and Erwin, Douglas H. 2017. "The role of public goods in planetary evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375 (2109):https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0359 2017
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2017. "The topology of evolutionary novelty and innovation in macroevolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 372 (1735):https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0422 2017
- Darroch, Simon A. F., Boag, Thomas H., Racicot, Rachel A., Tweedt, Sarah, Mason, Sara J., Erwin, Douglas H., and Laflamme, Marc. 2016. "A mixed Ediacaran-metazoan assemblage from the Zaris Sub-basin, Namibia." Palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 459:198-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.07.003 2016
- Bhattacharya, Debashish, Agrawal, Shobhit, Aranda, Manuel, Baumgarten, Sebastian, Belcaid, Mahdi, Drake, Jeana L., Erwin, Douglas H., Foret, Sylvian, Gates, Ruth D., Gruber, David F., Kamel, Bishoy, Lesser, Michael P., Levy, Oren, Liew, Yi Jin, MacManes, Matthew, Mass, Tali, Medina, Monica, Mehr, Shaadi, Meyer, Eli, Price, Dana C., Putnam, Hollie M., Qiu, Huan, Shinzato, Chuya, Shoguchi, Eiichi, Stokes, Alexander J. et al. 2016. "Comparative genomics explains the evolutionary success of reef-forming corals." eLife 5 (e13288):https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13288 2016
- Reinhard , Christopher T., Planavsky, Noah J., Olson, Stephanie L., Lyons, Timothy W., and Erwin, Douglas H. 2016. "Earth's oxygen cycle and the evolution of animal life." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (32):8933-8938. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521544113 2016
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2016. "Eric, evolution and bodyplans." Developmental biology 412 (2):S33-S34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.024 2016
- Chen, Jun, Shen, Shu-zhong, Li, Xian-Hua, Xu, Yi-gang, Joachimski, Michael M., Bowring, Samuel A., Erwin, Douglas H., Yuan, Dong-xun, Chen, Bo, Zhang, Hua, Wang, Yue, Cao, Chang-qun, Zheng, Quan-feng, and Mu, Lin. 2016. "High-resolution SIMS oxygen isotope analysis on conodont apatite from South China and implications for the end-Permian mass extinction." Palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 448 (26):38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.11.025 2016
- Carrasquillo, Anthony J., Cao, Changqun, Erwin, Douglas H., and Summons, Roger E. 2016. "Non-detection of C-60 fullerene at two mass extinction horizons." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 176:18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.12.017 2016
- Arendt, Detlev, Musser, Jacob M., Baker, Clare V. H., Bergman, Aviv, Cepko, Connie, Erwin, Douglas H., Pavlicev, Mihaela, Schlosser, Gerhard, Widder, Stefanie, Laubichler, Manfred D., and Wagner, Gü. 2016. "The origin and evolution of cell types." Nature Reviews.Genetics 17:744-757. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2016.127 2016
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2015. "A public goods approach to major evolutionary innovations." Geobiology 13 (4):308-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12137 2015
- Darroch, Simon A. F., Sperling, Erik A., Boag, Thomas H., Racicot, Rachel A., Mason, Sara J., Morgan, Alex S., Tweedt, Sarah M., Myrow, Paul, Johnston, David T., Erwin, Douglas H., and Laflamme, Marc. 2015. "Biotic replacement and mass extinction of the Ediacara biota." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282 (1814):20151003. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1003 2015
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2015. "David M. Raup (1933–2015)." Nature 524 (7563):36-36. https://doi.org/10.1038/524036a 2015
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2015. "Early metazoan life: divergence, environment and ecology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 370 (1684):20150036. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0036 2015
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2015. "Eric Davidson (1937–2015)." Science 350 (6260):517. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6065 2015
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2015. "Eric Davidson (1937–2015)." Current Biology 25 (20):R968-R969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.034 2015
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2015. "Novelty and Innovation in the History of Life." Current Biology 25 (19):https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.019 2015
- Hull, Pincelli M., Darroch, Simon A. F., and Erwin, Douglas H. 2015. "Rarity in mass extinctions and the future of ecosystems." Nature 528 (7582):345-351. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16160 2015
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2015. "Was the Ediacaran–Cambrian radiation a unique evolutionary event?." Paleobiology 41 (01):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2014.2 2015
- Day, Michael O., Ramezani, Jahandar, Bowring, Samuel A., Sadler, Peter M., Erwin, Douglas H., Abdala, Fernando, and Rubidge, Bruce S. 2015. "When and how did the terrestrial mid-Permian mass extinction occur? Evidence from the tetrapod record of the Karoo Basin, South Africa." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282 (1811):https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0834 2015
- Odling-Smee, John, Erwin, Douglas H., Palkovacs, Eric P., Feldman, Marcus W., and Laland, Kevin N. 2013. "Niche Construction Theory: A Practical Guide for Ecologists." The Quarterly review of biology 88 (1):3-28. https://doi.org/10.1086/669266 2013
- Laflamme, Marc, Darroch, Simon A. F., Tweedt, Sarah M., Peterson, Kevin J., and Erwin, Douglas H. 2012. "The End of the Ediacara Biota: Extinction, Biotic Replacement, or Cheshire Cat?." Gondwana Research 23 (2):558-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.11.004 2012
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2011. "A Paleontological Look at History." Cliodynamics 2 (1):27-39. 2011
- Shen, Shu-zhong, Crowley, James L., Wang, Yue, Bowring, Samuel A., Erwin, Douglas H., Sadler, Peter M., Cao, Chang-qun, Rothman, Daniel H., Henderson, Charles M., Ramezani, Jahandar, Zhang, Hua, Shen, Yanan, Wang, Xiang-Dong, Wang, Wei, Mu, Lin, Li, Wen-Zhong, Tang, Yue-Gang, Liu, Xiao-Lei, Liu, Lu-Jun, Zeng, Yong, Jiang, Yao-Fa, and Jin, Yu-Gan. 2011. "Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction." Science 334 (6061):1367-1372. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213454 2011
- Erwin, Douglas H. and Tweedt, Sarah M. 2011. "Ecological drivers of the Ediacaran-Cambrian diversification of Metazoa." Evolutionary Ecology 26 (2):417-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-011-9505-7 2011
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2011. "Evolutionary uniformitarianism." Developmental biology 357 (1):27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.020 2011
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2011. "Macroevolution: Dynamics of Diversity." Current Biology 21 (24):R1000-R1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.007 2011
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2011. "Novelties that change carrying capacity." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 318 (6):460-465. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.21429 2011
- Erwin, Douglas H., Laflamme, Marc, Tweedt, Sarah M., Sperling, Erik A., Pisani, Davide, and Peterson, Kevin J. 2011. "The Cambrian Conundrum: Early Divergence and Later Ecological Success in the Early History of Animals." Science 334 (6059):1091-1097. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206375 2011
- Krakauer, David C., Collins, James P., Erwin, Douglas H., Flack, Jessica C., Fontana, Walter, Laubichler, Manfred D., Prohaska, Sonja J., West, Geoffrey B., and Stadler, Peter F. 2011. "The challenges and scope of theoretical biology." Journal of theoretical biology 276 (1):269-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.01.051 2011
- Maloof, Adam C., Rose, Catherine V., Beach, Robert, Samuels, Bradley M., Calmet, Claire C., Erwin, Douglas H., Poirier, Gerald R., Yao, Nan, and Simons, Frederik J. 2010. "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia." Nature Geoscience 3:653-659. 2010
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2009. "La terre en pleines transformations." La Recherche 428:39-42. 2009
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2009. "A call to the custodians of deep time." Nature 462 (7271):282-283. https://doi.org/10.1038/462282a 2009
- Davidson, E. H. and Erwin, Douglas H. 2009. "An Integrated View of Precambrian Eumetazoan Evolution." Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 74:65-80. 2009
- Olszewski, Thomas D. and Erwin, Douglas H. 2009. "Change and Stability in Permian Brachiopod Communities from Western Texas." Palaios 24 (1):27-40. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2008.p08-061r 2009
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2009. "Climate as a Driver of Evolutionary Change." Current Biology 19 (14):R575-R583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.047 2009
- Bennington, J. Bret, DiMichele, William A., Badgley, Catherine, Bambach, Richard K., Barrett, Paul M., Behrensmeyer, Anna K., Bobe, Rene, Burnham, Robyn J., Daeschler, Edward B., Van Dam, Jan, Eronen, Jussi T., Erwin, Douglas H., Finnegan, Seth, Holland, Steven M., Hunt, Gene, Jablonski, David, Jackson, Stephen T., Jacobs, Bonnie E., Kidwell, Susan M., Koch, Paul L., Kowalewski, Michal J., Labandeira, Conrad C., Looy, Cindy V., Lyons, Sara K., Novack-Gottshall, Philip M. et al. 2009. "Critical Issues of Scale in Paleoecology." Palaios 24 (1-2):1-4. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2009.S01 2009
- Krakauer, D. C., Page, K., and Erwin, Douglas H. 2009. "Diversity,dilemmas and monopolies of niche construction." American Naturalist 173:26-40. 2009
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2009. "Early origin of the bilaterian developmental toolkit." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 364 (1527):2253-2261. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0038 2009
- Davidson, Eric H. and Erwin, Douglas H. 2009. "Evolutionary innovation and stability in animal gene networks." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 314B (3):182-186. 2009
- Erwin, Douglas H. and Davidson, E. H. 2009. "The evolution of hierarchical gene regulatory networks." Nature Reviews Genetics 10:141-148. 2009
- Dunne, J. A., Williams, R. J., Martinez, N. D., Wood, R. A., and Erwin, Douglas H. 2008. "Compilation and network analysis of Cambrian Food webs." PLoS Biology 6 (4):693-708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060102 2008
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2008. "Extinction as the loss of evolutionary history." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:11520-11527. 2008
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2008. "Macroevolution of ecosystem engineering, niche construction and diversity." Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23 (6):304-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.013 2008
- Clauset, A. and Erwin, Douglas H. 2008. "The evolution and distribution of species body size." Science 321:399-401. 2008
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2008. "Wonderful Ediacarans, wonderful cnidarians?." Evolution & development 10 (3):263-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142X.2008.00234.x 2008
- Bambach, Richard K., Bush, Andrew M., and Erwin, Douglas H. 2007. "Autecology and the filling of ecospace: Key metazoan radiations." Palaeontology 50:1-22. 2007
- Bambach, Richard K., Bush, A. M., and Erwin, Douglas H. 2007. "Autecology and the realized ecospace of marine metazoa." Palaeontology 50:1-22. 2007
- Zhang, X. L., Shu, D. G., and Erwin, Douglas H. 2007. "Cambrian Naraoiids (Arthropoda)." Journal of Paleontology Memoir 68:52. 2007
- Zhang, X. -L, Shu, D. -G, and Erwin, Douglas H. 2007. "Cambrian naraoiids (arthropoda): Morphology, ontogeny, systematics, and evolutionary relationships." Journal of Paleontology 81 (5):1-52. https://doi.org/10.1666/06-082.1 2007
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2007. "Disparity: Morphological patterns and developmental context." Palaeontology 50:57-73. 2007
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2007. "Increasing returns, ecological feedback and the Early Triassic recovery." Palaeoworld 16:9-15. 2007
book
- Erwin, Douglas H. and Valentine, James. 2013. The Cambrian explosion : the construction of animal biodiversity. Roberts and Company. 2013
chapter
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2020. "Evolutionary dynamics of gene regulation." in Gene Regulatory Networks, edited by Peter, I. S., 407-431. Academic Press Limited-Elsevier Science Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.02.006 2020
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2016. "Wonderful Life Revisited: Chance and Contingency in the Ediacaran-Cambrian Radiation." in Chance in Evolution, 279-298. University of Chicago Press. 2016
- Tweedt, Sarah M. and Erwin, Douglas H. 2015. "Origin of Metazoan Developmental Toolkits and Their Expression in the Fossil Record." in Evolutionary Transitions to Multicellular Life, edited by Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki and Nedelcu, Aurora M., 47-77. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9642-2_3 2015
- Bush, Andrew M., Bambach, Richard K., and Erwin, Douglas H. 2011. "Ecospace Utilization During the Ediacaran Radiation and the Cambrian Eco-explosion." in Quantifying the Evolution of Early Life : Numerical Approaches to the Evaluation of Fossils and Ancient Ecosystems, edited by Laflamme, Marc, Schiffbauer, James D., and Dornbos, Stephen Q., 111-133. Springer Netherlands. 2011
review
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2020. [Book review] "The Invertebrate Tree of Life, by Gonzalo Giribet and Gregory D. Edgecombe." Quarterly Review of Biology. 336-337. https://doi.org/10.1086/711777 2020
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2016. [Book review] "The Origin of Higher Taxa: Palaeobiological, Developmental and Ecological Perspectives.– by T. S. Kemp." Systematic Biology. 558-559. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw017 2016
- Simpson, Carl and Erwin, Douglas H. 2014. [Book review] "Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation." Science. 1234-1235. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254407 2014
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2007. [Book review] "Endless forms most beautiful." Artificial Life. 87-89. https://doi.org/10.1162/artl.2007.13.1.87 2007
- Erwin, Douglas H. 2007. [Book review] "Survival of the Fittest." American Scientist. 76-77. 2007

Erwin, Douglas

Background And Education

education and training

Research And Grants

co-principal investigator on

Publications

selected publications

article

book

chapter

review

Activities

Responsible Collections Areas

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