Murray, Suzan
Program Director
Public Biography
Dr. Suzan Murray is a board-certified zoo veterinarian at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and serves as both the program director of the Global Health Program and as the SCBI's chief wildlife veterinary medical officer. She leads an interdisciplinary team engaged in worldwide efforts to address health issues in endangered wildlife and combat emerging infectious diseases of global significance, including zoonotic diseases. Dr. Murray also acts as the Smithsonian liaison to the Foreign Animal Disease Threat and Pandemic Preparedness subcommittees of the White House's Office of Science and Technology. Dr. Murray's work focuses on providing clinical care to free-ranging wildlife, pathogen detection, advanced diagnostics, training of international veterinarians and other health professionals, capacity building, and collaboration in infectious disease research at the human-wildlife-domestic animal interface. She previously served as chief veterinarian for the Smithsonian's National Zoo and has a wealth of clinical knowledge and experience with wildlife and zoo animals both free-ranging and in human care.
Selected Publications
Article
Angwenyi, Shaleen Kemunto Sarange, Hassell, James, Miller, Michele Ann, Mutinda, Mathew, Vitali, Francesca, and Murray, Suzan. 2023. "A review of clostridial diseases in rhinoceroses ." Conservation Science and Practice , 5, (3). https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12906 .
2023
Marcello, Giuseppe M., Holder, Kali A., Hallager, Sara, Norton, Benjamin B., Backues, Kay A., Tyler, Anna E., Zeitlin, Ayo, Murray-Hiteshew, Evan, and Murray, Suzan. 2023. "Intralesional application of ribavirin in two American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) with poxvirus infection ." Journal of comparative pathology , 201 49–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.11.004 .
2023
Ergunay, Koray, Mutinda, Mathew, Bourke, Brian, Justi, Silvia A., Caicedo-Quiroga, Laura, Kamau, Joseph, Mutura, Samson, Akunda, Irene Karagi, Cook, Elizabeth, Gakuya, Francis, Omondi, Patrick, Murray, Suzan, Zimmerman, Dawn, and Linton, Yvonne-Marie. 2022. "Metagenomic Investigation of Ticks From Kenyan Wildlife Reveals Diverse Microbial Pathogens and New Country Pathogen Records ." Frontiers in Microbiology , 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.932224 .
2022
Worsley-Tonks, Katherine E. L., Bender, Jeff B., Deem, Sharon L., Ferguson, Adam W., Fèvre, Eric M., Martins, Dino J., Muloi, Dishon M., Murray, Suzan, Mutinda, Mathew, Ogada, Darcy, Omondi, George P., Prasad, Shailendra, Wild, Hannah, Zimmerman, Dawn M., and Hassell, James M. 2022. "Strengthening global health security by improving disease surveillance in remote rural areas of low-income and middle-income countries ." Lancet Global Health , 10, (4) E579–E584. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00031-6 .
2022
Yu, Jennifer H., Papich, Mark G., Torres, Rodrigo Garces, Emerson, Jessica, Kinney, Matthew E., Helmick, Kelly, Crosier, Adrienne, Sanchez, Carlos R., and Murray, Suzan. 2021. "Cefovecin pharmacokinetics after single-dose intramuscular administration in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) ." Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics , https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12969 .
2021
Yu, Jennifer H., Brown, Janine, Boisseau, Nicole, Barthel, Tony, and Murray, Suzan. 2021. "Effects of Lupron and surgical castration on fecal androgen metabolite concentrations and intermale aggression in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) ." Zoo biology , 40, (2) 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21586 .
2021
Henriquez, Megan C., Amann, Alexis, Zimmerman, Dawn, Sanchez, Carlos, Murray, Suzan, McCann, Colleen, Tesfaye, Teklu, and Swedell, Larissa. 2021. "Home range, sleeping site use, and band fissioning in hamadryas baboons: Improved estimates using GPS collars ." American Journal of Primatology , https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23248 .
2021
McEvoy, John F., Kishbaugh, Jennifer C., Valitutto, Marc T., Aung, Ohnmar, Tun, Kyaw Yan Naing, Win, Ye Tun, Maw, Min Thein, Thein, Wai Zin, Win, Htay Htay, Chit, Aung Myo, Vodzak, Megan E., and Murray, Suzan. 2021. "Movements of Indian Flying Fox in Myanmar as a Guide to Human-Bat Interface Sites ." Ecohealth , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-021-01544-w .
2021
Roberts, John F., Murray, Suzan, Love, David M., Hanson, Margaret A., Hale, Sarah L., Walsh, Timothy F., Li, Desheng, and Holder, Kali A. 2021. "Perinatal Centrilobular Hepatic Necrosis in Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca ): a Retrospective Study ." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 52, (3) 926–938. https://doi.org/10.1638/2016-0257 .
2021
Terrell, Kimberly A., Quintero, Richard P., Galicia, Veronica Acosta, Bronikowski, Ed, Evans, Matthew, Kleopfer, John D., Murray, Suzan, Murphy, James B., Nissen, Bradley D., and Gratwicke, Brian. 2021. "Physiological impacts of temperature variability and climate warming in hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ) ." Conservation Physiology , 9, (1). https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coab079 .
2021
Kamau, Maureen W., Hassell, James M., Milnes, Ellie L., Hayek, Lee-Ann C., Mutinda, Mathew M., Harel, Roi, Matsumoto-Oda, Akiko, Yu, Jennifer H., Zimmerman, Dawn, Crofoot, Margaret, and Murray, Suzan. 2021. "Point of Care Blood Gas and Electrolyte Analysis in Anesthetized Olive Baboons (Papio anubis) in a Field Setting ." International Journal of Primatology , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00241-3 .
2021
Grange, Zoe L., Goldstein, Tracey, Johnson, Christine K., Anthony, Simon, Gilardi, Kirsten, Daszak, Peter, Olival, Kevin J., O'Rourke, Tammie, Murray, Suzan, Olson, Sarah H., Togami, Eri, Vidal, Gema, Panel, Expert, Mazet, Jonna A. K., and PREDICT Consortium. 2021. "Ranking the risk of animal-to-human spillover for newly discovered viruses ." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 118, (15). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002324118 .
2021
Kamau, Joseph, Ashby, Elizabeth, Shields, Lindsey, Yu, Jennifer, Murray, Suzan, Vodzak, Megan, Kwallah, Allan Ole, Ambala, Peris, and Zimmerman, Dawn. 2021. "The intersection of land use and human behavior as risk factors for zoonotic pathogen exposure in Laikipia County, Kenya ." Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases , 15, (2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009143 .
2021
Kishbaugh, Jennifer C., Valitutto, Marc T., Aung, Ohnmar, Tun, Kyaw Yan Naing, Hayek, Lee-Ann C., Yu, Jennifer H., and Murray, Suzan. 2021. "Use of a Portable Analyzer for Venous Blood Gas and Biochemistry Analysis in Free-ranging Indian Flying Foxes (Pteropus giganteus) in Myanmar ." Journal of wildlife diseases , 57, (1) 242–245. https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-20-00095 .
2021
Whittier, Christopher A., Murray, Suzan, Holder, Kali, McGraw, Sabrina, Fleischer, Robert, Cortes-Rodriguez, Nandadevi, Black, Peter, Yordi, Robert, Keigwin, Michael, Enyel, Eric, and Atimnedi, Patrick. 2020. "Cutaneous Filariasis in Free-ranging Rothschild's Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi ) in Uganda ." Journal of Wildlife Diseases , 56, (1) 234–238. https://doi.org/10.7589/2018-09-212 .
2020
Valitutto, Marc T., Aung, Ohnmar, Tun, Kyaw Yan Naing, Vodzak, Megan E., Zimmerman, Dawn, Yu, Jennifer H., Win, Ye Tun, Maw, Min Thein, Thein, Wai Zin, Win, Htay Htay, Dhanota, Jasjeet, Ontiveros, Victoria, Smith, Brett, Tremeau-Brevard, Alexandre, Goldstein, Tracey, Johnson, Christine K., Murray, Suzan, and Mazet, Jonna. 2020. "Detection of novel coronaviruses in bats in Myanmar ." PLOS ONE , 15, (4) Article e0230802. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230802 .
2020
Sanchez, Carlos R., Hayek, Lee-Ann C., Carlin, Ellen P., Brown, Scott A., Citino, Scott, Marker, Laurie, Jones, Krista L., and Murray, Suzan. 2020. "Glomerular filtration rate determined by measuring serum clearance of a single dose of inulin and serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in clinically normal cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus ) ." American Journal of Veterinary Research , 81, (4) 375–380. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.81.4.375 .
2020
Ferguson, Adam W., Muloi, Dishon, Ngatia, Dedan K., Kiongo, Wangechi, Kimuyu, Duncan M., Webala, Paul W., Olum, Moses O., Muturi, Mathew, Thumbi, Samuel M., Woodroffe, Rosie, Murugi, Lucy, Fèvre, Eric M., Murray, Suzan, and Martins, Dino J. 2020. "Volunteer based approach to dog vaccination campaigns to eliminate human rabies: Lessons from Laikipia County, Kenya ." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases , 14, (7) Article e0008260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008260 .
2020
Mutinda, Mathew, Crofoot, Margaret C., Kishbaugh, Jennifer C., Hayek, Lee-Ann C., Zimmerman, Dawn, Tunseth, Devin A., and Murray, Suzan. 2019. "Blood Biochemical Reference Intervals for Free-Ranging Olive Baboons (Papio anubis ) in Kenya ." International Journal of Primatology , 40, (2) 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-018-0074-2 .
2019
Dennis, Patricia M., Raghanti, Mary Ann, Meindl, Richard S., Less, Elena, Henthorn, Eric, Devlin, William, Murray, Suzan, Meehan, Thomas, Kutinsky, Ilana, and Murphy, Hayley. 2019. "Cardiac disease is linked to adiposity in male gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) ." PloS One , 14, (6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218763 .
2019
Murray, Suzan, Kishbaugh, Jennifer C., Hayek, Lee-Ann C., Kutinsky, Ilana, Dennis, Patricia M., Devlin, William, Hope, Katharine L., Danforth, Marietta D., and Murphy, Hayley W. 2019. "Diagnosing cardiovascular disease in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) with brain natriuretic peptide ." PloS One , 14, (3) 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214101 .
2019
Yu, Jennifer H., Durrant, Kate L., Liu, Songrui, Carlin, Ellen P., Wang, Chengdong, Rodriguez, Juan, Bratthauer, Ann, Walsh, Tim, Valitutto, Marc T., Fine, Leah, Murray, Suzan, and Fleischer, Robert C. 2019. "First Report of a Novel Hepatozoon sp. in Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) ." EcoHealth , 16, (2) 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-019-01416-4 .
2019
Norton, Benjamin B., Tunseth, Devin, Holder, Kali, Briggs, Michael, Hayek, Lee-Ann C., and Murray, Suzan. 2018. "Causes of morbidity in captive African lions (Panthera leo ) in North America, 2001-2016 ." Zoo biology , 37, (5) 354–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21435 .
2018
Marrow, Judilee C., Hallager, Sara, Sander, Samantha J., Sander, William, Hanselmann, Rhea, and Murray, Suzan. 2018. "Comparison of Circulating Iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity, and Percent Transferrin Saturation in Wild and Captive Kori Bustards (Ardeotis Kori) ." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 49, (2) 450–453. https://doi.org/10.1638/2017-0168.1 .
2018
Kishbaugh, Jennifer C., Valitutto, Marc T., Ober, Janelle E., Zimmerman, Dawn M., Howard, Lauren L., Schmitt, Dennis L., Sanchez, Carlos R., and Murray, Suzan. 2018. "Do lyophilized platelets hold promise for treatment of hemorrhagic diseases in wild animals? " Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA) , 252, (2) 168–170. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.252.2.168 .
2018
Colburn, A. Margarita Woc, Murray, Suzan, Hayek, Lee-Ann C., Marker, Laurie, and Sanchez, Carlos R. 2017. "Cardiorespiratory Effects of Dexmedetomidine-Butorphanol-Midazolam (Dbm): a Fully Reversible Anesthetic Protocol in Captive and Semi-Free-Ranging Cheetahs (Acinonyx Jubatus )." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 48, (1) 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1638/2016-0042.1 .
2017
Witte, Carmel L., Lamberski, Nadine, Rideout, Bruce A., Vaida, Florin, Citino, Scott B., Barrie, Michael T., Haefele, Holly J., Junge, Randall E., Murray, Suzan, and Hungerford, Laura L. 2017. "Epidemiology of clinical feline herpesvirus infection in zoo-housed cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus ) ." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA) , 251, (8) 946–956. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.251.8.946 .
2017
Garland-Lewis, Gemina, Whittier, Christopher, Murray, Suzan, Trufan, Sally, and Rabinowitz, Peter M. 2017. "Occupational Risks and Exposures Among Wildlife Health Professionals ." EcoHealth , 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1208-2 .
2017
Schiaffino, Francesca, Sander, Samantha J., Bacares, Marcia E. Pereira, Barnes, Katie J., Kiupel, Matti, Walsh, Timothy, and Murray, Suzan. 2016. "Cerebellar and mesencephalon neoplasia in a nile hipoppotamus (hippopotamus amphibious )." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 47, (4) 1093–1096. https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0256.1 .
2016
Lucey, Daniel, Sholts, Sabrina B., Blond, Kara, Costello, Robert, and Murray, Suzan. 2016. "Exploring epidemics: A Smithsonian museum endeavor for the public ." International Journal of Infectious Diseases: IJID , 53 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.11.208 .
2016
Sander, Samantha J., Siegal-Willott, Jessica, Ziegler, Jessie, Lee, Elizabeth, Tell, Lisa, and Murray, Suzan. 2016. "Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of metronidazole after rectal administration in captive asian elephants (elephas maximus) ." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 47, (1) 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0160.1 .
2016
Marrow, Judilee C., Woc-Colburn, Margarita, Hayek, Lee-Ann C., Marker, Laurie, and Murray, Suzan. 2015. "Camparison of Two α2 -Adrenergic Agonists on urine contamination of semen collected by Electroejaculation in Captive and Semi–Free-Ranging Cheetah (Acinonyx Jubatus ) ." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 46, (2) 417–420. https://doi.org/10.1638/2014-0211R2.1 .
2015
Siegal-Willott, Jessica, Jensen, Nathaniel, Kim, David, Taliaferro, Dwayne, Blankenship, Tiffany, Malinsky, Becky, Murray, Suzan, Eiden, Maribeth V., and Xu, Wenqin. 2015. "Evaluation of Captive Gibbons (Hylobates SPP., Nomascus SPP., Symphalangus SPP.) in North American Zoological Institutions for Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus (GALV)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 46, (1) 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1638/2014-0034R.1 .
2015
Sander, Samantha J., Hope, Katharine L., McNeill, Conor J., Roberts, John F., Boedeker, Nancy C., Murray, Suzan, and Aczm, Dipl. 2015. "Metronomic Chemotherapy for Myxosarcoma Treatment in a Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) ." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery , 29, (3) 210–215. https://doi.org/10.1647/2014-032 .
2015
Hayhurst, Susan E., Engel, Jason D., Walsh, Timothy, Gordon, Sebastian, Murray, Suzan, and Boedeker, Nancy. 2015. "What is your diagnosis? " Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 246, (8) 839–841. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.246.8.839 .
2015
Marrow, Judilee C., Padilla, Luis R., Hayek, Lee-Ann C., Bush, Mitch, and Murray, Suzan. 2014. "Comparison of Antibody Response to a Non-Adjuvanted, Live Canarypox-Vectored Recombinant Rabies Vaccine and a Killed, Adjuvanted Rabies Vaccine in Eld's Deer (Rucervus Eldi Thamin) ." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 45, (2) 315–320. https://doi.org/10.1638/2013-0171R1.1 .
2014
Boedeker, Nancy C., Guzzetta, Philip, Rosenthal, Steven L., Padilla, Luis R., Murray, Suzan, and Newman, Kurt. 2014. "Surgical correction of an arteriovenous fistula in a ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) ." Comparative medicine , 64, (1) 71–74.
2014
Woc-Colburn, Ana, Murray, Suzan, Lock, Justin, Dragoo, Jerry W., Guglielmo, Dell, and Maldonado, Jesús E. 2013. "A Minimally Invasive Method for Gender Determination in the Prehensile-Tailed Porcupine (Coendou prehensilis) ." Zoo biology , 32, (4) 463–466. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21063 .
2013
Hanselmann, Rhea, Hallager, Sara, Murray, Suzan, and Mazet, Jonna A. K. 2013. "Causes of morbidity and mortality in captive Kori bustards (Ardeotis kori) in the United States." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 44, (2) 348–363.
2013
Terrell, Kimberly A., Quintero, Richard P., Murray, Suzan, Kleopfer, John D., Murphy, James B., Evans, Matthew J., Nissen, Bradley D., and Gratwicke, Brian. 2013. "Cryptic impacts of temperature variability on amphibian immune function ." Journal of experimental biology , 216 4204–4211. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.089896 .
2013
Witte, Carmel L., Lamberski, Nadine, Rideout, Bruce A., Fields, Victoria, Teare, Cyd Shields, Barrie, Michael, Haefele, Holly, Junge, Randall, Murray, Suzan, and Hungerford, Laura L. 2013. "Development of a case definition for clinical feline herpesvirus infection in cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) housed in zoos ." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 44, (3) 634–644. https://doi.org/10.1638/2012-0183R.1 .
2013
Clancy, Meredith M., Woc-Colburn, Margarita, Viner, Tabitha, Sanchez, Carlos, and Murray, Suzan. 2013. "Retrospective analysis of mortalities in elephant shrews (macroscelididae) and tree shrews (tupaiidae) at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park, USA ." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 44, (2) 302–309. https://doi.org/10.1638/2012-0115R1.1 .
2013
Raske, Matthew, Sanchez, Carlos R., Viner, Tabitha, and Murray, Suzan. 2013. "What Is Your Diagnosis?" Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery , 27, (1) 59–62. https://doi.org/10.1647/2012-040 .
2013
Boedeker, Nancy C., Hayek, Lee-Ann C., Murray, Suzan, de Avila, David M., and Brown, Janine L. 2012. "Effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine on ovarian cyclicity and uterine morphology of an Asian elephant (elephas maximus) ." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 43, (3) 603–614. https://doi.org/10.1638/2011-0270.1 .
2012
Hope, Katharine L., Tell, Lisa A., Byrne, Barbara A., Murray, Suzan, Wetzlich, Scott E., Ware, Lisa H., Lynch, Warren E., Padilla, Luis R., and Boedeker, Nancy C. 2012. "Pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular injection of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in American black ducks ( Anas rubripes ) ." American Journal of Veterinary Research , 73, (5) 620–627. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.73.5.620 .
2012
Woc-Colburn, Margarita, Murray, Suzan, Boedeker, Nancy C., Viner, Tabitha, Fleetwood, Michelle L., Barthel, Tony C., Newman, Kurt D., and Sanchez, Carlos R. 2010. "Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Rothschild's Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) ." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 41, (4) 717–720. https://doi.org/10.1638/2009-0195.1 .
2010
Archie, Elizabeth A., Henry, Tammy, Maldonado, Jesús E., Moss, Cynthia J., Poole, Joyce H., Pearson, Virginia R., Murray, Suzan, Alberts, Susan C., and Fleischer, Robert C. 2010. "Major histocompatibility complex variation and evolution at a single, expressed DQA locus in two genera of elephants ." Immunogenetics , 62, (2) 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-009-0413-8 .
2010
Boedeker, Nancy C., Walsh, Timothy F., Murray, Suzan, and Bromberg, N. 2010. "Medical and surgical management of severe inflammation of the nictitating membrane in a Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) ." Veterinary Ophthalmology , 13 109–115.
2010
Bronson, Ellen, Emmons, Louise H., Murray, Suzan, Dubovi, E. J., and Deem, Sharon L. 2008. "Serosurvey of pathogens in domestic dogs on the border of Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 39, (1) 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1638/2006-0046.1 .
2008
Bronson, Ellen, Bush, R. Mitchell, Viner, Tabitha, Murray, Suzan, Wisely, Samantha M., and Deem, Sharon L. 2007. "Mortality of Captive Black-footed Ferrets (Mustela nigripes) at Smithsonian National Zoological Park, 1989-2004 ." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 38, (2) 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2007)038[0169:MOCBFM]2.0.CO;2 .
2007
Bronson, Ellen, Deem, Sharon L., Sanchez, Carlos R., and Murray, Suzan. 2007. "Serologic response to a canarypox-vectored canine distemper virus vaccine in the Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) ." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , 38, (2) 363–366. https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2007)038[0363:SRTACC]2.0.CO;2 .
2007
Noyes, Hillary, Bronson, Ellen, Deem, Sharon L., Sanchez, Carlos R., and Murray, Suzan. 2007. "Systemic Mycobacterium terrae Infection in an Eastern Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina ." Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery , 17, (3) 100–102.
2007
Boesch, J. M., Sanchez, C., and Murray, Suzan. 2007. "What is your diagnosis?" Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 231, (5) 697–698. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.231.5.697 .
2007
Chapter
Deem, Sharon L., Bronson, Ellen, Angulo, Sixto, Acosta, Veronica, Murray, Suzan, Robbins, Richard G., Giger, Urs, Rothschild, Bruce, and Emmons, Louise H. 2012. "Morbidity and Mortality ." In The Maned Wolves of Noel Kempff Mercado National Park . Emmons, Louise H., editor. 77–89. In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology , 639. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.639.77 .
2012
Conference Paper
