Gratwicke, Brian
Conservation Biologist
0000-0002-7332-4060
Gratwicke, Brian
Conservation Biologist
Amphibian conservation biologist based at SCBI in Front Royal. Working on Appalachian salamanders and Neotropical amphibians threatened by the amphibian chytrid fungus.
Geographic Focus
Background And Education
Education And Training
- B.S., University of Zimbabwe
- D.Phil. in Zoology, Oxford University , Linacre College 2000 - 2004
- M.Sc. in Zoology, University of Zimbabwe , Department of Biology 1999 - 2000
Professional Biography
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Brian Gratwicke is a conservation biologist and leads the amphibian conservation programs at the Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. Brian’s focus is building capacity to conserve amphibians in Appalachia and Panama, developing outreach and educational programs and exhibits to build public support for amphibian conservation, and research to develop tools to reintroduce amphibians back into the wild.
At SCBI, Brian collaborates with Panamanian conservation biologists and zoo partners to build an ex situ amphibian facility in Panama. The Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project based at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Gamboa maintains and grows captive assurance populations of species most heavily affected by the deadly amphibian chytrid fungus. One major research focus is developing applied solutions for the amphibian chytrid fungus, including research into the area of beneficial skin bacteria and identifying genetic traits associated with resistance to the disease. He also conducts research into emerging diseases and the effects of climate change on Appalachian salamanders.
Awards And Honors
- Smithsonian Scholarly Studies Award, conferred by Smithsonian Scholarly Studies Awards, 2020
- Smithsonian Scholarly Studies Award, conferred by Smithsonian Scholarly Studies Awards, 2019
- Smithsonian Scholarly Studies Award, conferred by Smithsonian Scholarly Studies Awards, 2017
- BBVA Foundation Awards for Biodiversity Conservation in Latin America, conferred by BBVA, 2014
- Spirit of Defenders Award for Science, conferred by Defenders of Wildlife, 2014
Public Biography
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Brian Gratwicke is a conservation biologist and leads the amphibian conservation programs at the Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. Brian’s focus is building capacity to conserve amphibians in Appalachia and Panama, developing outreach and educational programs and exhibits to build public support for amphibian conservation, and research to develop tools to reintroduce amphibians back into the wild. At SCBI, Brian collaborates with Panamanian conservation biologists and zoo partners to build an ex situ amphibian facility in Panama. The Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project based at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Gamboa maintains and grows captive assurance populations of species most heavily affected by the deadly amphibian chytrid fungus. One major research focus is developing applied solutions for the amphibian chytrid fungus, including research into the area of beneficial skin bacteria and identifying genetic traits associated with resistance to the disease. He also conducts research into emerging diseases and the effects of climate change on Appalachian salamanders.
Gratwicke grew up in Zimbabwe and began his conservation work researching the impacts to freshwater fish in Africa. In 2000, he was awarded a Rhodes scholarship that took him to Oxford, where he studied marine fish communities in the British Virgin Islands for his doctorate. After completing his doctorate, Gratwicke moved to Washington, D.C., where he worked as a program administrator and then assistant director of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation's Save the Tiger Fund.
International Audience Summary Of Expertise
- Conservation, Amphibian, Wildlife, Disease
Smithsonian Conservation Commons Biography
- Conservation, Amphibian, Wildlife, Disease
Research And Grants
Co-principal Investigator On
Investigator On
- Establishment of the Amphibian Research Laboratory at STRI's Gamba Field Station awarded by National Science Foundation
- Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project awarded by Woodtiger Fund 2021 -
- Conserving Endangered Amphibians awarded by Holtzman Wildlife Foundation 2019 -
- Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project awarded by Zoo New England - Franklin Park Zoo and Stone Zoo 2019 -
- Amphibian Conservation awarded by Woodtiger Fund
- Building Capacity to Reintroduce Panamanian Golden Frogs Back into the Wild awarded by United States Fish and Wildlife Service
- Comparative transcriptomics of three frog species with varying susceptibility to a deadly chytrid fungus awarded by Competitive Grants Program for Science
- Comparative transcriptomics of three frog species with varying susceptibility to a deadly chytrid fungus awarded by Competitive Grants Program for Science
- Diversity and symbiosis: examining the taxonomic, genetic, and functional diversity of amphibian skin microbiota awarded by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Identifying causes and potential remedies for spindly leg syndrome in captive amphibians awarded by Morris Animal Foundation
- Investigating pathogen resistance, variation and heritability in endangered Panamanian frogs awarded by Smithsonian Scholarly Studies Awards
- Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project awarded by Zoo New England - Franklin Park Zoo and Stone Zoo
- Probiotic method to reduce the threat of chytridiomycosis to Panamanian Golden Frogs II awarded by United States Fish and Wildlife Service
- The role of protein in tadpole nutrition awarded by The Waltham Foundation
Publications
Selected Publications
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Article
- Luedtke, Jennifer A., Chanson, Janice, Neam, Kelsey, Hobin, Louise, Maciel, Adriano O., Catenazzi, Alessandro, Borzée, Amaël, Hamidy, Amir, Aowphol, Anchalee, Jean, Anderson, Sosa-Bartuano, Ángel, Fong G., Ansel, de Silva, Anslem, Fouquet, Antoine, Angulo, Ariadne, Kidov, Artem A., Muñoz Saravia, Arturo, Diesmos, Arvin C., Tominaga, Atsushi, Shrestha, Biraj, Gratwicke, Brian, Tjaturadi, Burhan, Martínez Rivera, Carlos C., Vásquez Almazán, Carlos R., Señaris, Celsa et al. 2023. "Author Correction: Ongoing declines for the world’s amphibians in the face of emerging threats." Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06851-6. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa W., Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. "Immune priming prior to pathogen exposure sheds light on the relationship between host, microbiome and pathogen in disease." Royal Society Open Science, 10, (2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220810. 2023
- Luedtke, Jennifer A., Chanson, Janice, Neam, Kelsey, Hobin, Louise, Maciel, Adriano O., Catenazzi, Alessandro, Borzee, Amael, Hamidy, Amir, Aowphol, Anchalee, Jean, Anderson, Sosa-Bartuano, Angel, Fong, Ansel G., de Silva, Anslem, Fouquet, Antoine, Angulo, Ariadne, Kidov, Artem A., Saravia, Arturo Munoz, Diesmos, Arvin C., Tominaga, Atsushi, Shrestha, Biraj, Gratwicke, Brian, Tjaturadi, Burhan, Martinez Rivera, Carlos C., Vasquez Almazan, Carlos R., Senaris, Celsa et al. 2023. "Ongoing declines for the world's amphibians in the face of emerging threats." Nature, 622, (7982) 308–314. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06578-4. 2023
- Loetters, Stefan, Plewnia, Amadeus, Catenazzi, Alessandro, Neam, Kelsey, Acosta-Galvis, Andres R., Alarcon Vela, Yesenia, Allen, Joshua P., Alfaro Segundo, Juan O., Almendariz Cabezas, Ana de Lourdes, Alvarado Barboza, Gilbert, Alves-Silva, Kleiton R., Anganoy-Criollo, Marvin, Arbelaez Ortiz, Ernesto, Arpi Lojano, Jackeline D., Arteaga, Alejandro, Ballestas, Onil, Barrera Moscoso, Diego, Barros-Castaneda, Jose D., Batista, Abel, Bernal, Manuel H., Betancourt, Esteban, da Cunha Bitar, Youszef Oliveira, Boening, Philipp, Bravo-Valencia, Laura, Caceres Andrade, Jose F. et al. 2023. "Ongoing harlequin toad declines suggest the amphibian extinction crisis is still an emergency." Communications Earth & Environment, 4, (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01069-w. 2023
- Campbell Grant, Evan H., Amburgey, Staci M., Gratwicke, Brian, Chaves, Victor Acosta, Belasen, Anat M., Bickford, David, Bruehl, Carsten A., Calatayud, Natalie E., Clemann, Nick, Clulow, Simon, Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Jelka, Dawson, Jeff, De Angelis, David A., Dodd,C. Kenneth, Jr., Evans, Annette, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Falaschi, Mattia, Gonzalez-Mollinedo, Sergio, Green, David M., Gamlen-Greene, Roseanna, Griffiths, Richard A., Halstead, Brian J., Hassapakis, Craig, Heard, Geoffrey, Karlsson, Catharina et al. 2023. "Priority research needs to inform amphibian conservation in the Anthropocene." Conservation Science and Practice, https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12988. 2023
- Klocke, Blake, Garcés, Orlando, Lassiter, Elliot, Guerrel, Jorge, Hertz, Andreas, Illueca, Estefany, Klaphake, Eric, Linhoff, Luke, Minbiole, Kevin, Ross, Heidi, Tasca, Julia A., Woodhams, Douglas C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Ibáñez, Roberto. 2023. "Release trial of captive-bred variable harlequin frogs Atelopus varius shows that frogs disperse rapidly, are difficult to recapture and do not readily regain skin toxicity." Oryx, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605323001254. 2023
- Estrada, Angie, Medina, Daniel, Gratwicke, Brian, Ibáñez, Roberto D., and Belden, Lisa K. 2022. "Body condition, skin bacterial communities and disease status: insights from the first release trial of the limosa harlequin frog, Atelopus limosus." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289, (1978). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0586. 2022
- Kueneman, Jordan, Bletz, Molly, Becker, Matthew, Gratwicke, Brian, Garcés, Orlando A., Hertz, Andreas, Holden, Whitney M., Ibáñez, Roberto D., Loudon, Andrew, McKenzie, Valerie, Parfrey, Laura, Sheafor, Brandon, Rollins-Smith, Louise A., Richards-Zawacki, Corinne, Voyles, Jamie, and Woodhams, Douglas C. 2022. "Effects of captivity and rewilding on amphibian skin microbiomes." Biological Conservation, 271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109576. 2022
- Jiménez, Randall R., Carfagno, Amy, Linhoff, Luke, Gratwicke, Brian, Woodhams, Douglas C., Chafran, Liana Soares, Bletz, Molly C., Bishop, Barney, and Muletz-Wolz, Carly R. 2022. "Inhibitory Bacterial Diversity and Mucosome Function Differentiate Susceptibility of Appalachian Salamanders to Chytrid Fungal Infection." Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 88, (8). https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01818-21. 2022
- Smilansky, Vanessa, Jirku, Miloslav, Milner, David S., Ibáñez, Roberto D., Gratwicke, Brian, Nicholls, Andrew, Lukes, Julius, Chambouvet, Aurelie, and Richards, Thomas A. 2021. "Expanded host and geographic range of tadpole associations with the Severe Perkinsea Infection group." Biology Letters, 17, (6). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0166. 2021
- Terrell, Kimberly A., Quintero, Richard P., Galicia, Veronica Acosta, Bronikowski, Ed, Evans, Matthew, Kleopfer, John D., Murray, Suzan, Murphy, James B., Nissen, Bradley D., and Gratwicke, Brian. 2021. "Physiological impacts of temperature variability and climate warming in hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)." Conservation Physiology, 9, (1). https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coab079. 2021
- Pukazhenthi, Budhan, Songsasen, Nucharin, Brown, Janine, Comizzoli, Pierre, Crosier, Adrienne, Hagedorn, Mary, Gratwicke, Brian, Pitt, William, and Monfort, Steven. 2020. "David E. Wildt-An Inspiring Leader in the Conservation of Wild Species." Journal of Heredity, 111, (4) 414–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esaa013. 2020
- Scheele, Ben C., Pasmans, Frank, Skerratt, Lee F., Berger, Lee, Martel, An, Beukema, Wouter, Acevedo, Aldemar A., Burrowes, Patricia A., Carvalho, Tamilie, Catenazzi, Alessandro, de la Riva, Ignacio, Fisher, Matthew C., Flechas, Sandra V., Foster, Claire N., Frías-Álvarez, Patricia, Garner, Trenton W. J., Gratwicke, Brian, Guayasamin, Juan M., Hirschfeld, Mareike, Kolby, Jonathan E., Kosch, Tiffany A., La Marca, Enrique, Lindenmayer, David B., Lips, Karen R., Longo, Ana V. et al. 2020. "Response to Comment on "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity"." Science, 367, (6484). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay2905. 2020
- Lassiter, Elliot, Garces, Orlando, Higgins, Kathleen, Baitchman, Eric, Evans, Matthew, Guerrel, Jorge, Klaphake, Eric, Snellgrove, Donna, Ibáñez, Roberto D., and Gratwicke, Brian. 2020. "Spindly leg syndrome in Atelopus variusis linked to environmental calcium and phosphate availability." Plos One, 15, (6) Article e0235285. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235285. 2020
- Savage, Anna E., Gratwicke, Brian, Hope, Katharine, Bronikowski, Edward, and Fleischer, Robert C. 2020. "Sustained immune activation is associated with susceptibility to the amphibian chytrid fungus." Molecular ecology, 29, (15) 2889–2903. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15533. 2020
- Scheele, Ben C., Pasmans, Frank, Skerratt, Lee F., Berger, Lee, Martel, An, Beukema, Wouter, Acevedo, Aldemar A., Burrowes, Patricia A., Carvalho, Tamilie, Catenazzi, Alessandro, de la Riva, Ignacio, Fisher, Matthew C., Flechas, Sandra V., Foster, Claire N., Frías-Álvarez, Patricia, Garner, Trenton W. J., Gratwicke, Brian, Guayasamin, Juan M., Hirschfeld, Mareike, Kolby, Jonathan E., Kosch, Tiffany A., La Marca, Enrique, Lindenmayer, David B., Lips, Karen R., Longo, Ana V. et al. 2019. "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity." Science, 363, (6434) 1459–1463. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0379. 2019
- Lewis, Carrie H. R., Richards-Zawacki, Corinne, Ibáñez, Roberto D., Luedtke, Jennifer, Voyles, Jamie, Houser, Paul, and Gratwicke, Brian. 2019. "Conserving Panamanian harlequin frogs by integrating captive-breeding and research programs." Biological Conservation, 236 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.029. 2019
- Bauer, Kendra L., Steeil, James C., Walsh, Timothy F., Evans, Matthew J., Klocke, Blake, Gratwicke, Brian, Siegal-Willott, Jessica L., and Neiffer, Donald L. 2018. "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a Captive Collection of Green Salamanders (Aneides aeneus), Long-Tailed Salamanders (Eurycea longicauda), and Two-Lined Salamanders (Eurycea bislineata)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 49, (2) 454–459. https://doi.org/10.1638/2017-0174.1. 2018
- Della Togna, Gina, Gratwicke, Brian, Evans, Matthew, Augustine, Lauren, Chia, Han, Bronikowski, Ed, Murphy, James B., and Comizzoli, Pierre. 2018. "Influence of extracellular environment on the motility and structural properties of spermatozoa collected from hormonally stimulated Panamanian Golden Frog (Atelopus zeteki)." Theriogenology, 108 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.11.032. 2018
- Woodhams, Douglas C., LaBumbard, Brandon C., Barnhart, Kelly L., Becker, Matthew H., Bletz, Molly C., Escobar, Laura A., Flechas, Sandra V., Forman, Megan E., Iannetta, Anthony A., Joyce, Maureen D., Rabemananjara, Falitiana, Gratwicke, Brian, Vences, Miguel, and Minbiole, Kevin P. C. 2018. "Prodigiosin, Violacein, and Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Widespread Cutaneous Bacteria of Amphibians Can Inhibit Two Batrachochytrium Fungal Pathogens." Microbial ecology, 75, (4) 1049–1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-017-1095-7. 2018
- Camperio Ciani, Julio Federico, Guerrel, Jorge, Baitchman, Eric, Diaz, Rigoberto, Evans, Matthew, Ibáñez, Roberto D., Ross, Heidi, Klaphake, Eric, Nissen, Bradley, Pessier, Allan P., Power, Michael L., Arlotta, Caitlin, Snellgrove, Donna, Wilson, Brad, and Gratwicke, Brian. 2018. "The relationship between spindly leg syndrome incidence and water composition, overfeeding, and diet in newly metamorphosed harlequin frogs (Atelopus spp.)." PLOS ONE, 13, (10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204314. 2018
- Klocke, Blake, Becker, Matthew H., Lewis, James, Fleischer, Robert C., Muletz-Wolz, Carly R., Rockwood, Larry, Aguirre, A. Alonso, and Gratwicke, Brian. 2017. "Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans not detected in US survey of pet salamanders." Scientific Reports, 7 13132. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13500-2. 2017
- Della Togna, Gina, Trudeau, Vance L., Gratwicke, Brian, Evans, Matthew, Augustine, Lauren, Chia, Han, Bronikowski, Edward J., Murphy, James B., and Comizzoli, Pierre. 2017. "Effects of hormonal stimulation on the concentration and quality of excreted spermatozoa in the critically endangered Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki)." Theriogenology, 91 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.12.033. 2017
- Murphy, James B. and Gratwicke, Brian. 2017. "History of Captive Management and Conservation Amphibian Programs Mostly in Zoos and Aquariums. Part II—Salamanders and Caecilians." Herpetological Review, 48, (2) 474–486. 2017
- Murphy, James B. and Gratwicke, Brian. 2017. "History of Captive Management and Conservation Amphibian Programs Mostly in Zoos and Aquariums. Part I—Anurans." Herpetological Review, 48, (1) 241–260. 2017
- Becker, Matthew H. and Gratwicke, Brian. 2017. "Minimum lethal concentration of sodium hypochlorite for the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis." Plos One, 12, (4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176439. 2017
- McCarthy, Thomas, Masson, Philippe, Thieme, Alison, Leimgruber, Peter, and Gratwicke, Brian. 2017. "The relationship between climate and adult body size in redback salamanders (Plethodon cinereus)." Geo: Geography and Environment, 4, (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.31. 2017
- Gratwicke, Brian and Murphy, James B. 2016. "Amphibian Conservation Efforts at the Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute." Herpetological Review, 47, (4) 711–718. 2016
- Gratwicke, Brian, Ross, H., Batista, A., Chaves, G., Crawford, A. J., Elizondo, L., Estrada, A., Evans, M., Garelle, D., Guerrel, Jorge, and Hertz, A. 2016. "Evaluating the probability of avoiding disease-related extinctions of Panamanian amphibians through captive breeding programs." Animal Conservation, 19, (4) 324–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12249. 2016
- Savage, Anna E., Terrell, Kimberly A., Gratwicke, Brian, Mattheus, Nichole M., Augustine, Lauren, and Fleischer, Robert C. 2016. "Reduced immune function predicts disease susceptibility in frogs infected with a deadly fungal pathogen." Conservation Physiology, 4, (1). https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cow011. 2016
- Becker, Matthew H., Walke, Jenifer B., Cikanek, Shawna, Savage, Anna E., Mattheus, Nichole, Santiago, Celina N., Minbiole, Kevin P. C., Harris, Reid N., Belden, Lisa K., and Gratwicke, Brian. 2015. "Composition of symbiotic bacteria predicts survival in Panamanian golden frogs infected with a lethal fungus." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282, (1805). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2881. 2015
- Cikanek, Shawna J., Nockold, Simon, Brown, Janine L., Carpenter, James W., Estrada, Angie, Guerrel, Jorge, Hope, Katharine L., Ibáñez, Roberto D., Putman, Sarah B., and Gratwicke, Brian. 2014. "Evaluating Group Housing Strategies for the Ex-Situ Conservation of Harlequin Frogs (Atelopus spp.) Using Behavioral and Physiological Indicators." PLoS ONE, 9, (2) 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090218. 2014
- Perez, Rachel, Richards-Zawacki, Corinne, Krohn, Alexander R., Robak, Matthew, Griffith, Edgardo J., Ross, Heidi, Gratwicke, Brian, Ibáñez, Roberto D., and Voyles, Jamie. 2014. "Field surveys in Western Panama indicate populations of Atelopus varius frogs are persisting in regions where Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is now enzootic." Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 8, (2) 30–35. 2014
- Küng, Denise, Bigler, Laurent, Davis, Leyla R., Gratwicke, Brian, Griffith, Edgardo, and Woodhams, Douglas C. 2014. "Stability of Microbiota Facilitated by Host Immune Regulation: Informing Probiotic Strategies to Manage Amphibian Disease." PLoS ONE, 9, (1) 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087101. 2014
- Becker, Matthew H., Richards-Zawacki, Corinne, Gratwicke, Brian, and Belden, Lisa K. 2014. "The effect of captivity on the cutaneous bacterial community of the critically endangered Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki)." Biological Conservation, 176 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.029. 2014
- Terrell, Kimberly A., Quintero, Richard P., Murray, Suzan, Kleopfer, John D., Murphy, James B., Evans, Matthew J., Nissen, Bradley D., and Gratwicke, Brian. 2013. "Cryptic impacts of temperature variability on amphibian immune function." Journal of experimental biology, 216 4204–4211. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.089896. 2013
- Evans, Matthew J., Gratwicke, Brian, and Murphy, James B. 2012. "New Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project Exhibit at Smithsonian National Zoological Park." Herpetological Review, 43, (2) 208–209. 2012
- Becker, Matthew H., Harris, Reid N., Minbiole, Kevin P. C., Schwantes, Christian R., Rollins-Smith, Louise, Reinert, Laura K., Brucker, Robert M., Domangue, Rickie J., and Gratwicke, Brian. 2012. "Towards a Better Understanding of the Use of Probiotics for Preventing Chytridiomycosis in Panamanian Golden Frogs." EcoHealth, 8, (4) 501–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-012-0743-0. 2012
- Gratwicke, Brian, Lovejoy, Thomas E., and Wildt, David E. 2012. "Will Amphibians Croak under the Endangered Species Act?" Bioscience, 62, (2) 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.2.13. 2012
- Gratwicke, Brian, Alonso, Alfonso, Elie, T., Kolowski, Joseph, Lock, J., Rotzel, N., Sevin, J., and Fleischer, Robert C. 2011. "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis not detected on amphibians for two lowland sites in Gabon, Africa." Herpetological Review, 42, (1) 69–71. 2011
- Gratwicke, Brian, Evans, M., Campbell Grant, E. H., Greathouse, J., McShea, William J., Rotzel, N., and Fleischer, Robert C. 2011. "Low prevalence Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis detected in Appalachian salamanders from Warren County, Virginia, USA." Herpetological Review, 42, (2) 217–219. 2011
- Gratwicke, Brian, Evans, Matthew J., Jenkins, Peter T., Kusrini, Mirza D., Moore, Robin D., Sevin, Jennifer, and Wildt, David E. 2010. "Is the international frog legs trade a potential vector for deadly amphibian pathogens?" Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8, (8) 438–442. https://doi.org/10.1890/090111. 2010
- Gratwicke, Brian, Mills, J., Dutton, A., Gabriel, G., Long, B., Seidensticker, John, Wright, B., Wang, You, and Zhang, Li. 2008. "Attitudes toward consumption and conservation of tigers." PLOS One, 3, (7) E2544. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002544. 2008
- Gratwicke, Brian, Bennett, E., Broad, S., Christie, S., Dutton, A., Gabriel, G., Kirkpatrick, C., and Nowell, K. 2008. "The world can't have wild tigers and eat them too." Conservation Biology, 22, (1) 222–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00802.x. 2008
- Gratwicke, Brian, Seidensticker, John, Shrestha, Mahendra, Vermilye, K., and Birnbaum, M. 2007. "Evaluating the performance of a decade of Save The Tiger Fund's investments to save the world's last wild tigers." Environmental Conservation, 34, (3) 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892907004079. 2007
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Chapter
- Gratwicke, Brian. 2022. "Context Matters in the fight to Save Frogs." In Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. Meshaka, Walter E.;Collins, Suzanne L.;Bury, R. Bruce;McCallum, Malcolm L. ed. 30–32. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. (https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv28m3hcp), https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv28m3hcp.9. 2022
- Gratwicke, Brian, Neff, Matthew, Mayer, Lindsay Renick, Ryan, Sharon, and Sevin, Jennifer. 2016. "Education and outreach." In Reptile Ecology and Conservation, A Handbook of Techniques. Dodd, C. Kenneth, editor. 436–448. London: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198726135.003.0030. 2016
- Dutton, Adam J., Gratwicke, Brian, Hepburn, Cameron, Herrera, Emilio A., and Macdonald, David W. 2013. "Tackling unsustainable wildlife trade." In Key Topics in Conservation Biology 2. Macdonald, David W. and Willis, Katherine J., editors. 74–91. John Wiley & Sons. 2013
- Seidensticker, John, Gratwicke, Brian, and Shrestha, Mahendra. 2010. "How many wild tigers are there? An estimate for 2008." In Tigers of the world: the science, politics, and conservation of Panthera tigris. Second ed. Tilson, Ronald Lewis and Nyhus, Philip J., editors. 295–299. New York: Elsevier/Academic Press. 2010
- Gratwicke, Brian, Shrestha, Mahendra, and Seidensticker, John. 2010. "Save The Tiger Fund's grant making strategy for recovering wild tiger populations." In Tigers of the world: the science, politics, and conservation of Panthera tigris. Second ed. Tilson, Ronald Lewis and Nyhus, Philip J., editors. 189–199. New York: Elsevier/Academic Press. 2010
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Dataset
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin Bd transcriptome BLAST nr annotations. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14773269.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin Bd transcriptome BLAST xml. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14773260.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin Bd transcriptome gene counts matrix. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14773236.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert, Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin Bd transcriptome metadata. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14773293.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin microbiome 16S Anti-Bd OTU list. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14750706.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin microbiome 16S OTU table. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14750622.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin microbiome 16S OTU tree. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14750682.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin microbiome 16S metadata. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14750703.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin prokaryote transcriptome. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14751009.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin prokaryote transcriptome BLAST nr annotations. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14751165.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin prokaryote transcriptome BLAST xml. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14751075.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin prokaryote transcriptome isoform counts matrix. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14751063.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin transcriptome. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14773326.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin transcriptome BLAST nr annotations. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14786088.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin transcriptome BLAST xml. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14786001.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin transcriptome isoform counts matrix. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14785968.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin transcriptome metadata. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14786094.V1. 2023
- Kaganer, Alyssa, Ossiboff, Robert J., Keith, Nicole I., Schuler, Krysten L., Comizzoli, Pierre, Hare, Matthew P., Fleischer, Robert C., Gratwicke, Brian, and Bunting, Elizabeth M. 2023. [Dataset] Hellbender skin transcriptome metadata. Distributed by Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. https://doi.org/10.25573/DATA.14786094.V1. 2023
Editor Of
-
Book
- Gratwicke, Brian, editor. 2008. Proceedings of the Appalachian Salamander Conservation Workshop. Apple Valley, MN: IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. 2008
Contact
Location
- National Zoological Park Academic Department
