Ren, Hui, Lu, Li-Min, Soejima, Akiko, Luke, Quentin, Zhang, Dian-Xiang, Chen, Zhi-Duan, and Wen, Jun. 2011. "Phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (Vitaceae) based on the noncoding plastid trnC-petN, trnH-psbA, and trnL-F sequences." Taxon, 60 629–637.
The phylogeny of Vitaceae was reconstructed sampling 114 accessions of Vitaceae and the outgroup Leea of Leeaceae, using three noncoding plastid markers: trnC-petN, trnH-psbA, and trnL-F. Six 5-merous genera including Parthenocissus, Yua, Ampelocissus, Vitis, Nothocissus, and Pterisanthes form a well-supported clade. Ampelopsis, Rhoicissus, and the Cissus striata complex form a clade sister to the clade containing all the other taxa of Vitaceae. The core Cissus clade is resolved to be sister to the Cayratia-Tetrastigma-Cyphostemma clade, forming a clade of taxa with 4-merous flowers. The Parthenocissus-Yua clade is sister to the Ampelocissus-Vitis-Nothocissus-Pterisanthes clade. The Old World Cissus is paraphyletic, with the New World core Cissus nested within it. The intercontinental disjunction between Africa and Asia may have evolved at least twice in Cissus. Cayratia is paraphyletic with four Asian species sampled grouping with Tetrastigma and the African species forming another clade.
