This chapter contains sections titled: * Introduction * A broad operational definition of insect outbreaks in the fossil record * The curious case of the discovery, outbreaks, and extinction of the rocky mountain grasshopper * Insect outbreaks in shallow time: The holocene spruce budworm and eastern hemlock looper * Insect outbreaks in deep time: focused folivory from four fossil floras * The macroevolutionary significance of insect outbreaks * Summary and conclusions * Acknowledgments * References
