Ogrean, G. A., van Weeren, R. J., Jones, C., Clarke, T. E., Sayers, J., Mroczkowski, T., Nulsen, P. E. J., Forman, W., Murray, Stephen S., Pandey-Pommier, M., Randall, Scott W., Churazov, E., Bonafede, A., Kraft, R., David, L., Andrade-Santos, F., Merten, J., Zitrin, A., Umetsu, K., Goulding, A., Roediger, E., Bagchi, J., Bulbul, E., Donahue, M., Ebeling, H. et al. 2015. "Frontier Fields Clusters: Chandra and JVLA View of the Pre-merging Cluster MACS J0416.1-2403." The Astrophysical Journal, 812 153. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/812/2/153.
Merging galaxy clusters leave long-lasting signatures on the baryonic and non-baryonic cluster constituents, including shock fronts, cold fronts, X-ray substructure, radio halos, and offsets between the dark matter (DM) and the gas components. Using observations from Chandra, the Jansky Very Large Array, the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, and the Hubble Space Telescope, we present a multiwavelength analysis of the merging Frontier Fields cluster MACS J0416.1-2403 (z = 0.396), which consists of NE and SW subclusters whose cores are separated on the sky by ~250 kpc. We find that the NE subcluster has a compact core and hosts an X-ray cavity, yet it is not a cool core. Approximately 450 kpc south-southwest of the SW subcluster, we detect a density discontinuity that corresponds to a compression factor of ~1.5. The discontinuity was most likely caused by the interaction of the SW subcluster with a less massive structure detected in the lensing maps SW of the subcluster's center. For both the NE and the SW subclusters, the
