McDonald, George D., Kreidberg, Laura and Lopez, Eric
Abstract
Short-period sub-Neptunes with substantial volatile envelopes are among the most common type of known exoplanets. However, recent studies of the Kepler population have suggested a dearth of sub-Neptunes on highly irradiated orbits, where they are vulnerable to atmospheric photoevaporation. Physically, we expect this "photoevaporation desert" to depend on the total lifetime X-ray and extreme ultraviolet flux, the main drivers of atmospheric escape. In this work, we study the demographics of sub-Neptunes as a function of lifetime exposure to high- energy radiation and host-star mass. We find that for a given present- day insolation, planets orbiting a 0.3 M ? star experience ~100× more X-ray flux over their lifetimes versus a 1.2 M ? star. Defining the photoevaporation desert as a region consistent with zero occurrence at 2s, the onset of the desert happens for integrated X-ray fluxes greater than 1.43 × 1022 to 8.23 × 1020 as a function of planetary radii for 1.8-4 R ?. We also compare the location of the photoevaporation desert for different stellar types. We find much greater variability in the desert onset in the bolometric flux space compared to the integrated X-ray flux space, suggestive of photoevaporation driven by steady-state stellar X-ray emissions as the dominant control on desert location. Finally, we report tentative evidence for the sub-Neptune valley, first seen around Sun-like stars, for M%26amp;K dwarfs. The discovery of additional planets around low-mass stars from surveys such as the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite mission will enable detailed exploration of these trends.
